群体高耸粮仓筒壁顶盖一体化施工技术

指出中粮(郑州)产业园项目立筒仓工程和浅圆仓工程采用筒壁顶盖一体化施工技术,详细介绍了该施工技术的工艺原理、操作要点、质量保证措施,并通过在工程中实践证明,采用筒壁顶盖一体化施工技术工艺合理,节时节工,操作方便,有效控制了施工质量。     

TECHNICO-ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR-ASSISTED VIRGINIA TOBACCO CURING

The technical and economical feasibility of using solar energy for curing Virginia tobacco in the bulk barn is investigated. The results illustrate that the energy saving obtained by each type of the system studied is limited because of the nature of the tobacco curing energy requirement. From the technical point of view, the system using water as a heat transfer fluid with an evacuated solar collector shows the best performance. To be economically competitive, the systems need to be multi-purpose: for example, they can be used for space and water heating or for drying other crops during the off-season for tobacco.     

不同部位雪茄烟叶晾制过程中多酚、色素及相关酶活性的变化

为明确晾制过程中雪茄烟叶多酚类物质和质体色素的降解规律以及相关酶活性的动态变化,以德雪1号为试验材料,研究了不同部位烟叶晾制期间多酚类物质、质体色素及相关酶活性的变化规律,并进行了相关分析。结果表明,不同部位雪茄烟叶中多酚类物质含量主要表现为中部叶 > 下部叶 > 上部叶,其中各部位绿原酸含量均呈下降趋势,而芸香苷和莨菪亭含量均呈现单峰曲线。各部位质体色素含量随着晾制过程的推进而逐渐降低,整体表现为上部叶 > 中部叶 > 下部叶。各部位烟叶中脂氧合酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶等酶活性均呈先增后降趋势。相关分析表明,晾制期间各部位多酚氧化酶活性与多酚、色素含量呈正相关,且与绿原酸和β-胡萝卜素达到显著水平;苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性与多酚、色素含量呈负相关,且与绿原酸达到显著水平。过氧化物酶与脂氧合酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶、多酚氧化酶均呈显著正相关,因此在晾制过程中合理调控各类酶活性,可以控制多酚类物质及质体色素含量,有利于提高雪茄烟叶调制特性。     

Short communication: Summer on-farm environmental condition assessments in Québec tiestall farms and adaptation of temperature-humidity index calculated with local meteorological data

Temperature-humidity index (THI) calculation following the equation developed by the National Research Council (A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals, 1971) requires ambient temperature (AT) and relative humidity (RH). Those data are widely and readily available at local meteorological stations. However, studies showed that using average AT and RH retrieved from the closest stations is not appropriate for estimating on-farm conditions. The present objectives were (1) to study summer on-farm environmental conditions, (2) to explore the relationship between summer THI calculated with on-farm data and summer THI calculated with local weather station data, and (3) to verify whether THI calculated with summer meteorological station data could be adapted to better represent summer on-farm conditions. Six tiestall dairy farms located in 2 regions of the province of Québec [Eastern Québec (EQ) and Southwestern Québec (SWQ)] were enrolled in this study. Within-barn conditions were monitored using 3 remote data loggers from August 2016 through August 2017. Two loggers were installed inside at varying distances relative to the ventilation inlet (L1: closest to inlet; L2: farthest from inlet) and a third was installed just outside of the barn (L3). Values retrieved from each logger and the closest local meteorological station were used to calculate daily THI according to the National Research Council formula and were ultimately compared. Our results showed that THI varied within the barn depending on the proximity relative to the inlet because THI measured by L1 was lower than THI measured by L2 in both regions. Moreover, our results showed that in both regions AT measured on-farm was consistently higher than AT measured at the weather station. The opposite was observed with RH, as it was significantly lower on-farm in EQ and numerically lower in SWQ compared with RH extracted from weather stations. Overall, this led to THI being lower by 4.6 and 3.7 units at the weather stations compared with within-barn conditions for EQ and SWQ farms, respectively. Hence, using local meteorological station data to estimate on-farm conditions would lead to an underestimation of heat stress level in dairy cows. Adapting THI calculations by including daily maximum AT and minimum RH retrieved from the local weather station instead of their average counterparts led to a better estimation of within-barn conditions. However, the difference between THI measured on-farm and the adapted THI calculated with weather station data remained significant. Although the adaption made to THI allowed for a closer relation to on-farm conditions, THI calculated with weather station data should only be used to assess heat stress level in dairy cows when heat stress thresholds are adapted for such data.     

烤烟晾制变黄时间对烟叶烘烤效果的影响

为深入研究烤烟晾制变黄时间对烟叶烘烤效果的影响,试验设置了24、48、72和96 h等4个晾制时间梯度,与采收后直接烘烤相对比,对烘烤过程中烟叶变化情况、能耗及烤后烟叶经济性状、外观质量、化学成分、感官质量进行了分析。结果表明,烤烟晾制变黄可缩短烤房内变黄时间,降低烘烤能耗,对烤后烟叶的烟叶外观质量、经济性状、化学成分、评吸质量也有一定的改善作用,其效果随晾制变黄时间的延长,呈先升高后下降的趋势。综合比较,烤烟晾制变黄48 h效果最好,可节省烤房内变黄时间20 h,有效缩短烤房使用周期,节约烘烤能耗15%,外观质量好,上中等烟比例提高5%,化学成分协调。     

烤房纳米功能涂料在烟叶烘烤中的应用效果

研究了烤房纳米功能涂料在密集烤房和普改密烤房中的应用效果。结果表明,使用烤房纳米功能涂料平均每房烟可缩短烘烤时间14.89h;每kg干烟节煤0.69kg,节电0.14度;降低烤烟的鲜干比;提高烤后烟叶的上等烟比例5.11个百分点,均价提高0.58元/kg;可增加烟叶还原糖和淀粉含量,降低烟碱含量;提高烟叶香气质和香气量,减少刺激性。同时也发现,烤房纳米功能涂料的使用效果因烤房类型、烘烤技术等因素不同而有所差异。     

射孔-防砂联作防砂效果室内模拟与测试

通过测试，岩心靶防砂填充层的孔隙度达39．15％、油测渗透率为46．55μm^2，说明防砂填充层的渗透性很好，能够满足油井高产要求。采用地面模拟装置、选择不同粒径的砂样进行防砂实验得出，140～200m砂样最大出砂浓度为0．07278％，更细的砂粒不出砂。此结果表明，对大粒径的防砂效果好。     

Algorithms for dairy barn design: Maternity and milking areas

This paper presents a series of algorithms for dairy barn design. The aim of the study was to develop algorithms for the design of new barn areas that can added to the main barn areas (resting, feeding, and exercise) to complement barn layout. More specifically, we developed design and dimensioning schemes to incorporate the maternity area and the milking area (holding pen and milking parlor) into dairy barns. Each algorithm requires input design parameters related to the characteristics of the areas considered. The output of the algorithms provides layout solutions for the maternity and milking areas and the overall dimensions of both areas, which enables the user to assess the possibility of incorporating maternity and milking into a dairy barn composed of resting, exercise, and feeding areas. The algorithms presented in this paper allow for space optimization by using the values defined for the design parameters considered.     

Calf respiratory disease and pen microenvironments in naturally ventilated calf barns in winter

Relationships between air quality, a variety of environmental risk factors, and calf respiratory health were studied in 13 naturally ventilated calf barns during winter. A minimum of 12 preweaned calves were randomly selected and scored for the presence of respiratory disease in each barn. An air sampling device was used to determine airborne bacteria colony-forming units per cubic meter (cfu/m³) of air in calf pens and central alleys within the barns. Airborne bacteria samples were collected on sheep blood agar (BAP) and eosin methylene blue (EMB) agar plates. Temperature and relative humidity were recorded in each calf pen, the barn alley, and outside the barn. Samples of bedding were collected in each pen and DM was measured. Pen bedding type and a calf nesting score (degree to which the calves could nestle into the bedding) was assigned to each barn. Calf numbers, barn and pen dimensions, ridge, eave, and curtain openings, and exterior wind speed and direction were determined and used to estimate building ventilation rates. Factors that were significantly associated with a reduced prevalence of respiratory disease were reduced pen bacterial counts (log₁₀ cfu/m³) on BAP, presence of a solid barrier between each calf pen, and increased ability to nest. Individual calf pen bacterial counts were significantly different from barn alley bacterial counts on both BAP and EMB. Significant factors associated with reduced calf pen bacterial counts on BAP were increasing pen area, increasing number of open planes of the calf pen, decreasing pen temperature, and wood-particle bedding. Significant factors associated with reduced alley bacterial counts on BAP were increased ventilation changes per hour, increased barn volume per kilogram of calf, reduced pen bacterial counts, and barn type.     

烤烟房温湿度自动测控系统设计

介绍了基于89C51单片机的烤烟房温湿度测控系统软硬件的设计,整个系统由数据采集、数据调理、单片机和控制部分组成.引入了温度传感器AD590和湿度传感器HS1101在烤烟方面的运用,采用该测控系统准确地检测烤烟房内的温湿度数据,有效地自动控制烤烟房内的温湿度,提高了烤烟房内的控制水平和烟叶的烘烤质量,从而增加了烟农的收入.